This paper studies the long-run effects of a "big-push" program providing a large asset transfer to
the poorest Indian households. In a randomized controlled trial that follows these households over
10 years, we find positive effects on consumption (0.6 SD), food security (0.1 SD), income (0.3
SD), and health (0.2 SD). These effects grow for the first seven years following the transfer and
persist until year 10. One main channel for persistence is that treated households take better
advantage of opportunities to diversify into more lucrative wage employment, especially through
migration.