The world's poorand programs to raise their incomesare increasingly concentrated in fragile states. We review the evidence on what interventions work, and whether stimulating employment promotes social stability. Skills training and micronance have shown little impact on poverty or stability, especially relative to program cost. In contrast, injections of capitalcash, capital goods, or livestockseem to stimulate selfemployment and raise long term earning potential, often when partnered with low-cost complementary interventions. Such capital-centric programs, alongside cash-for-work, may be the most eective tools for putting people to work and boosting incomes in poor and fragile states. We argue that policymakers should shift the balance of programsin this direction. If targeted to the highest risk men, we should expect such programs
to reduce crime and other materially-motivated violence modestly. Policymakers, however, should not expect dramatic eects of employment on crime and violence, in part
because some forms of violence do not respond to incomes or employment. Finally, this
review nds that more investigation is needed in several areas. First, are skills training
and other interventions cost-eective complements to capital injections? Second, what
non-employment strategies reduce crime and violence among the highest risk men, and
are they complementary to employment programs? Third, policymakers can reduce the
high failure rate of employment programs by using small-scale pilots before launching
large programs; investing in labor market panel data; and investing in multi-country
studies to test and ne tune the most promising interventions